When you create an edublog
you are like a teacher because you are providing information to other people.
Your information that you are typing or putting in your blog must be true or
fact or it has a reliable source because it is not good saying something in
your blog that is not true or fact. When you do this other people will think
that your blog is nonsense and may not continue reading your blog anymore. When
you create a blog you must be creative so that the reader will be attracted and
may read your blog especially when it is interesting.
When i first create my blog i
do not know what to do because that is the first time that i will do a research
and post it in the internet. I am the person that does not like making blog at
first but because we are required to make for our CC3 class i have no choice
but to create one. My first blog is not that good because i do it for the
purpose that i have a requirement but in my second blog i did some more
research because that time i have nothing to do and i have many free time. In
making my second blog i find myself enjoying and at the same time i am learning
something from my research.
It is not hard to make a blog
you just focus yourself in what you are doing apply the rules make your blog
with your heart and you will make a great blog.
The definition of toxicology is that it is the study of
harmful effects of biological, physical or chemical agents on living organism
and the ecosystem and it includes the prevention and betterment of such harmful
effects. Exposure to biological, physical or chemical agents the adverse or
harmful end product is called toxicity. Biochemical malfunctions to serious
organ damage and death are the wide array of forms that toxicity can manifest
itself.
Under the right condition all
substances are toxic. The dose that kills 50% of a test population refers to
the term lethal dose or LD 50. The concentration of chemical that
kills 50% of test animals in a given time refers to the term lethal
concentration or LC50.
Division
of Toxicology
1.Drug
abuse screening – Screen for drug use and to monitor someone with substance abuse problem.
Therapeutic
drug monitoring - Measurement of drug levels in blood, serum, or plasma at timed intervals.
Emergency
Toxicology - the laboratory diagnosis of the presence and severity of drug
overdose, often in the comatose.
Forensic
Toxicology - the measurement of drugs and toxins in tissues for medico legal
purposes.
This is about toxicology
and toxicology is related to poison. Since I like animals I’ll just show some
of the most poisonous animals in the world.
1. Inland
Taipan
This snake is one of the most venomous snakes in the world.
This snake is also known as the fierce snaked and can reach a length of 2.5
metres but the more usual length is 1.8 metres. This species can be seen most
in Channel country of south-western Queensland and north-eastern South Australia. They are active in the early half of the morning and in cool weather they can be active in afternoon. This snake is quiet and shy only but same as other animals it will defend itself when provoked. When you are bitten by this snake the symptoms are nausea, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting, collapse and paralysis. A strike from fierce snake has enough poison to kill 100 human adults. The venom of this snake has “spreading factor” (hyaluronidase enzyme) that increases the rate of absorption and because of this bite from the snake is very dangerous and it is life threatening.
The name itself of the Deathstalker Scorpion can give you impression that they are very dangerous and very scary. This scorpion is also known as the Israeli Yellow Scorpion. The male scorpions are about 3 inches long and the female is about 1 inch longer. Deathstalker are originally from Middle East and parts of North Africa but because they are popular as pet they are now found all over the place. The venom from this death stalker can kill a child and the sting is very painful. This scorpion injects very toxic venom that can cause convulsion, fever extreme pain, paralysis and can often coma or death by respiratory or heart failure. This species cause several deaths each year with LD value of 0.16 - 0.50 mg/kg.
Stone fish is the most venomous fish known. It’s length is about 35cm long and found mostly in the Indo-Pacific region and Northern Australia waters. When this fish is lying on the sea it is camouflaged and looks exactly like rocks. It eats shrimps and small fish. For protection for other predator it has a row of 13 venomous spines along its back and it can causes excruciating pain and tremendous swelling rapidly develops with death of tissue. The severity of the symptoms depends on the depth of penetration and the number of spines involved. The effects of the venom are muscle weakness, temporary paralysis and shock, which may result in death if not treated.
Pufferfish is also known as blow fish.
This fish are poor swimmers and because of that it has special defence
mechanism by quickly ingesting huge amounts of water and sometimes air to turn
themselves into a inedible ball. Their size is actually 1 inch long and can
grow to more than 2 feet in length. They are scaleless fish and usually have
rough to spiky skin. Almost all pufferfish contail tetrodotoxin, that makes
them foul tasting and lethal to fish. For human this substance is deadly up to
1,200 times more poisonous than cyanide. One pufferfish can kill 30 adult
humans and there is no known antidote.
There are 2 species of blue ringed octopus, one is the Hapalochalena lunalata and the other one is the Hapalochlaena maculosa. The H. lunata can grow up to 20 cm. The H. maculosa can weighs about 28 grams and can grow up to 5 cm. H, maculosa can be found only in the temperate waters of southern Australia from southern Western Australia to eastern Victoria at depths ranging 0-50m. H.lunata can be found in northern Australia to Japan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands and Indonesia and also Sri Lanka. They secrete 2 types of poison; one is use for hunting crab while the other one is used as self-defence against their predators. These poisons are secreted into the blue-ringed octopus’s saliva which contains maculotoxin and tetrodotoxin that can cause paralysis. The octopus will show its blue rings to show warning when threatened. Its venom has LD50 of 0.3mg/kg and enough to kill 26 humans. The symptoms include nausea, vision loss and blindness, loss of motor skill, loss of senses and respiratory arrest.
This tiny frog weighing less than an ounce (28 grams) may only be 1 inch long is one of the most poisonous species in the world and one example of this frog is the golden dart frog that has enough poison to kill 20,000 mice. These frogs live in the rain forest of central and South America and active during the day. Their poison are sometimes use by people living in Central and South America for hunting. They put the poison in the arrow and use it by their blow gun. The Poison contains Batrachotoxin that can be fatal in amount of 0.12 mg. Venom can kill 10 human
Box Jellyfish is also known as the Sea
wasp. They can be seen in coastal waters of Northern Australia and the
indo-Pacific. Its venom contains toxin that can attack the heart skin cells and
nervous system. The toxin has LD50 of 40 micrograms/kg. The poison is enough to
kill 60 adults. Their victims go into shock and drown or die of heart failure
before reaching shore. For the survivors they experience pain for weeks.
That's all!! I show some of the poisonous animals in the world because it can also be
related to toxicology because when this animals attack us and they introduce
venom to our body we can die if this cannot be treated early. So the scientists
collect and test the venom of every poisonous animal and
determined their lethal dose. Also by collecting the venom they can produce
antidote that can counteract the influence of poison or venom.
Endocrinology is about the study of
the hormones produce by the specific organs of our body and it is also study of
their function and their diseases. These hormones like growth hormone,
oxytocin, estrogens, androgens and prostaglandins are formed by a specific organ, some of this organs are
the Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid parathyroid,
pancreas, ovaries and testes. These hormones have three characteristics first
is that each of this hormones is produce by a specific tissue or gland second
is that these hormones are released directly from the tissue into the
bloodstream and carried to the site of action and lastly each hormone acts at a
specific site or sites to induce certain characteristic biochemical changes.
What happens to the hormones after they were released
directly into the bloodstream is that they go or transported to distant target
organs. Here, they influence the structure and function of the target organs
cells by binding to specific hormone receptors. Where these hormone receptors
are can be found? The answer is that hormone receptors can be located on the
plasma membrane, cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cells. receptors for
protein and peptide hormones usually are located on cell surfaces. Other
receptors are intracellular and are used by hormones that diffuse through
cellular and nuclear membranes.
Now let us see the different hormones produced by some
of the organs in our body first are the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus produced
hormones like TRH, CRF, GnRH, the Pituitary gland produced growth hormone, TSH,
ACTH, prolactin, oxytocin, vasopressin etc. the adrenal gland produce
epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol aldosterone etc. the thyroid produce T3,
T4, and calcitonin the pancreas produce insulin and glucagon. Ovaries produce estrogens while the
testes produce testosterone and other androgens.
reference:
Clinical Chemistry: A fundamental Textbook, Donald F. Calbreath
Atlas of Histology with functional correlations 10th
edition, Victor P. Eroschenko
